Question 1.
What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe? (2015 D)
Answer:
It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
Question 2.
What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries? (2015 OD)
Answer:
The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. They proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its decisions.
Question 3.
What is the meaning of concentration camps? (2015 OD)
Answer:
Concentration camps are prisons where people are detained and tortured without due process of law.
Question 4.
Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. (2016 D)
Answer:
Treaty of 1832: Constantinople
Question 5.
Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848? (2016 D)
Answer:
The Greek War of Independence in 1821.
1. Describe the process by which Germany was unified.
Ans. By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in
Germany.Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its
chief ministerOtto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of
seven years threewere fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated.
In January 1871 theprocess of unification of Germany was completed. The Prussian kind
William I was proclaimedGerman Emperor.
2. Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Ans. During 1830s. G. Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a
societyyoung Italy After earlier failures king victory Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian
statusthrough war and he got the whole hearted support of minister Cavour made a tactful
alliancewith France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the
support ofGaribaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the
states fromBourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II
was proclaimed theking of united Italy.
5. How would you explain the fate of Ireland?
Ans. 1. Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.
2. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over largely
Catholic country.
3. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed.
4. After a failed revolt led by wolf Tone and his United Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly
incorporated in to United Kingdome in 1801
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6. Why was the Napoleonic rule over other regions unpopular with some sections of
Europe?
Ans. Due to following reasons the Napoleonic rule over other regions was unpopular with
some sections of Europe:
1. The newly acquired territories had to face increased taxation and censorship.
2. The forced conscription into French army to conquer other parts of Europe was not
popular with the newly conquered people.
3. Administrative reforms did not go hand with political freedom. The newly annexed
regions found themselves under French rule.
7. Identify Cavour, telling the part played by him in the unification of Italy.
Ans. 1. The real credit for the unification of Italy goes to Cavour, who became the Prime
Minister of Sardinia in 1852 A.D.
2. He then dedicated himself his body and soul together to achieve his goal independence
and the unification of Italy. For this purpose he took recourse to diplomatic man oeuvres or
shrewd diplomacy.
3. He took sides in many ways to attract other states like Lombardy, Modena, Parma and
Tuscany to throw off the Austrian Yoke and join Sardinia.
4. He had unified the whole of Italy under Sardinia.
8. Explain the three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe.
Ans. 1. During the mid-eighteenth century, a landed aristocracy was dominant class in
Europe both politically and socially.
2. The members of this landed aristocracy were united by a common ways of life that cut
across regional division.
3. They owned huge properties both in rural and urban areas.
9. Outline the features of Vienna Treaty.
Ans. 1. This treaty took Place in 1815 at Vienna, Austria.
2. In this treaty the representatives of European Powers-Russia, Britain, Prussia andAustria
were met.
3. The meeting was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
4. The objective of Vienna Congress was to undoing most of the changes that had come about
in the Europe during the Napoleonic War.
10. Identify king Victor Emmanuel, telling the part played by him in the unification of
Italy.
Ans. 1. He was the king of Sardinia who helped all revolutionaries whose main aim was to
achieve the unification of Independence of Italy.
2. It was Emmanuel who finally completed the task of unification, after Cavour had died, by
annexing the Papal territories of Venetia and Rome.
3. In this way, the united Italy came into existence in the year 1871A.D.
11. Who was Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which
they were portrayed?
Ans. 1. Marianne: In France nation was christened as Marianne, a popular Christian name
which underlined the idea of a people nation. Statues of Marianne with red cap, the tricolor
and the cockade, were erected at public squares to remind the public of the national symbol
of unity. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps as well.
2. Germania: In Germany Germania became the allegory of German nation. In visual
representations, she is shown wearing a crown of oak leave, as the German oak stands for
heroism.
12. Identify Napoleon, telling the part played by him in the France.
Ans. 1. He was a great French general, who won many battles for the revolutionary France
and raised his nation’s prestige.
2. In many parts of Europe like In the Dutch Republic in Switzerland, Italy and Germany, he
simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from the
serfdom and the manorial dues.
3.There was a time when he had become a terror for all the European monarchs. But in the
end, his limited resources collapsed in the face of fourth coalition of the European nations.
4. He was defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 A.D. and was sent as a prisoner to spend
his last days at the small island of St. Helena where he died in the year 1821 A.D.
13. How did nationalism and the idea of nation states emerge? Explain.
Ans. 1. The nationalism and the idea of nation states emerged among the culturally diverse
and regional- social groups of European continent.
2. With the formation of European society, due to industrialization, the new middle class
emerged. It comprised labour, working class population, industrialization, businessmen,
professionals etc.
3. The educated and liberal population among the middle class thought to unite the culturally
compatible sections of European society. Hence they thought of nationalism and this led to
the emergence of the idea of nation states.
14. Which three issues were visualized by Frederic Sorrieu?
Ans. Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist prepared a series of four prints visualizing his
dreams of a world.
1. The first print of the series shows the people of Europe and America of the ages and social
classes marching in a long train. They are offering homage to the statue of liberty as they
pass by it.
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2. His second vision named Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct
nations, identify through their flags and national costume.
3. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of
absolutist institutions. His work shows his dream on democratic and social republics.
15. Can you explain the factors responsible for economic hardships faced by European
people during 1830s?
Ans. 1. The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe.
2. During the first half of the Nineteenth Century there was an immense increase in
population all over the Europe. Due to which the supply of workers increased and the
demand was very less. Problem of unemployment was faced by Europeans.
3. Small producers and manufacturers of towns face a stiff competition from imports of
cheap machine made products.
4. In those regions of Europe where aristocracy still enjoyed powers, Peasants struggled
under the Burdon of Feudal dues and obligations.
16. “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he
had incorporated revolutionary principles.” Justify the statement with suitable
arguments.
Ans. Following were the reforms brought by Napoleon in the administrative system:
1. The civil Code of 1804, usually known as the Napoleonic Code, did away with all privilege
based on birth.
2. It established equality before law and secured the right to property.
3. Napoleon simplified administrative division, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
4. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
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5. Transportation and communication system was improved.
17. Name the female allegory that represents France. Describe her main
characteristics.
Ans. 1. Those of liberty and republic.
2. These were the red cap, the tricolor, the cocade.
3. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares.
4. Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850s.
18. What were the impacts of Treaty of Vienna on European people?
Ans. Representatives of the European power, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed
treaty of Vienna in 1815. Following are its impact on European people:
1. Deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Future expansion of French was
prevented.
2. Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontier, while Austria was
given control of the Northern Italy.
3. In the east Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
4. The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to restore
Monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order
in Europe.
19. How Europe was closely allied to the ideology of Liberalism?
Ans. The efforts of the complaint against the seller. In Europe the educated, liberal middle
class spearheaded the nationalist movement. They stood for the freedom of individual and
equality of all before the low. Following were the political, social and economic ideas
supported by the liberals.
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1. Political ideas-The ideology of liberalism supported the ideas of national unity and
abolition of aristocratic privileges. It also advocated for a constitutional and representative
government through parliament. It did not stand for the idea of universal suffrage.
2. Social ideas- They supported freedom for the individual and idea of equality of all before
the law.
3. Economic ideas- There was freedom of market and abolition of state imposed restrictions
on the movement of goods and capital. Zollverein abolished tariff barriers and reduced the
number of currencies. Introduction of a system of weights and measures also strengthen the
ideology of liberalism.
20. Justify the statement with suitable example that, “nationalism, aligned with
imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.”
Ans. 1. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nationalism no longer retained its
idealistic liberal democratic sentiment of the first half of the century but became a narrow
creed with limited ends.
2. Nationalism aligned with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914. But, many countries
in the world which were colonised were in a very bad shape.
3. During the period an intense rivalry among the European powers emerged over trade and
colonies as well as naval and military might. This led to a series of wars in the region and
final the First World War.
21. Who was Bismarck? How did he unify Germany as a nation state?
Ans. Bismarck was the Prime Minister of the Prussian king Kaiser William-I. He was the
architect of German Unification.
1. He made Prussia to take over the leadership of the movement of national unification. He
followed the policy of Blood and Iron.
2. The land owners in Prussia were in support of the movement. He materialized this
nationalist sentiment.
3. He sought the help of the Prussian army and made many secret alliances to fight wars.
4. Finally he defeated Austria, Denmark and France and German Unification was declared
with King William-I as the head of the state.
22. Who was the main architect of the nation-state in England? Describe their
contribution.
Ans. British parliament was the main architect of the nation state in England because it
seized power from monarchy in 1707.
1. The parliament through the Act of Union 1707 formed the United Kingdom of Great
Britain.
2. This act enables England to impose its influence on Scotland.
3. Ireland was deeply divided between Catholic and Protestants. The English helped
Protestants to establish their dominance over largely Catholic Country.
4. After a failed revolt led by wolf Tone and his united Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly
incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.
5. A new British nation was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture.
23. Give a brief description of the revolt led by the Silesian Weavers in 1845?
Ans. 1. In 1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against contractor who supplied them raw
material for finishing textile but drastically reduced their payments.
2. Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4th June and marched in
pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
3. The contractor fled with his families to a neighboring village which ultimately refused
shelter to such a person.
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